Ottomans

E	Advances in Asia Minor across Balkans creating expanding territories Economy geared to warfare and expansion Ottoman conquest often meant effective administration and tax relief for the peoples of areas annexed to the empire
S	Control over land and peasant producers in annexed areas for the support of their households and military retainers Ottoman rulers were surrounded by those of luxury form pleasurable gardens to concubines and slaves that they pulled away for their subjects Merchants: Found in Canstinople's great Bazzars offering spices from East Indes- Slaves in Africa Population consist mostly of merchants and Artisans Artistns orginized guilds Guild officers set craft stndards and provided financial assitance and religious entertainments Internal revolts
P	Military leaders play dominate role in state Warrior aristocracy formed by Turkic cavalry Bureaucracy protected by regional and local base support Sultans Janissaries-Ottoman infantry division that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves -important in Ottoman military machines -Aided to aristocracy Calvary end -involved in court politics by 15th century and could depose of sultans by 16th century and choose next for the thrown* rulers=Monarchs Chief-Islamic religious scholars and legal experts Rulers followed court rituals based on those of earlier Byzantines, Persian, and Arab dynasties Administrations held by large bureaucracy headed by a grand vizier: held more power than Sultan Fights for throne Ottoman state built on war and steady territoral expression Army begins to shriek decline of adiministaratives system
I	MehmedII had Cathedral Saint Sophia converted into on of the great mosques in Islamic world. More were created causing architectural advance Aqueducts created to support population with water SulegMaige Mosques buitlt behest of sucesful sultan Sulegman the Magnificant (1520-1566) New Buildings -Hospitals -Mansions -Rest houses -Religious schools -Coffe houses Written in Persian and Arabic Ottoman cout made for expression of poets and historians aw well s language of Ottoman bureacracy
R	Christianity and Islam
I	Fall of Sejuk Turik kingdom of Rum form mongols in 1243 leaves way for Ottomans to seize power MehemedII goes at war with Canstinople in 1453 Ottomans rise as protectors of Islamic heartlands with their major conquests
T	None mentioned however not recognized if new instruments were created in the makings of new archritectual revalences

Muhgals

E	Motives for conquest: Gain booty from raids to gain back lost kingdom of Ferghana Akbar’s elimination of Head tax (jizya) trade ga that the demand for Indian cotton cloth and clothing had created in the West in Roman times persisted -pajamas* Indian textiles first one a large market among the working and middle classes in Brittan and elsewhere in Europe
S	Akbar encouraged inter marriage between the Mughal aristocracy and the families of the Hindu Rajput rulers Women: -Akbar encouraged widows remarry -Provided relief for women bought to seclusion in their homes -discouraged child marriages -legally prohibited sati- burning of high cast Hindu women on their husbands funeral pyres* Indian societies decline -growth of child marriages -seclusion spread -the practice of sati increased -increase in need for births of a son only
P	Founder of dynasty- Babur Babur transcended form t he Turik conqueror Timur Lundi Bureaucracy Humayan next in line for throne (son) New successor Akbar (Humayan’s son) 13 years old and greatest leader of all history Promotion of Hindus t highest ranks in the government Court and the Central bureaucracy were supported by revenues drawn from the tribute paid by the military retailers and from taxes on land set aside for support of the imperial house hold Mounted campaigns to defeat enemies into dynasty the wives of Jinigar and Shah take their unfocused power of their husbands and use it to increase positions form themselves Military powers decrease Arrabgzab: aimed to spread Mughal policies all over India which enlarged an inefficient bureaucracy and army
I	Akbar patronized the arts and entered into complex religious and philosophical discussions with learned scholars from throughout the Muslim, Christian, and Hindu worlds European observers come Polo matches Animal fights games of pachisi Jahigir and Shah- patrons of fine arts Taj Mahal: Symbol for India
R	Respecting of cows Din-i-llahi used to unite Hindu and Muslim subjects
I	Aimed conquest in Northern India Armies of Afghanistan and Rajput states of western India attacked Hunayan’s capital the Marratas mount internal rebellion in western India Sikhs
T	None mentioned